Estimating Oil and Gas Volumes Using Structure Contour Maps Essay Example

Estimating Oil and Gas Volumes Using Structure Contour Maps Paper The estimation of oil and gas reserves is a completely complex process which involves the integration of geological, geophysical, reservoir and production engineering data. In order to arrive at the most likely reserves, the reserves are estimated by using deterministic and probabilistic methods as there are various uncertainties that are involved in the estimating the reserves. In defining the hydrocarbon, Reserves refers to the quantities of oil and gas which can be commercially recovered from a given date forward whereas Resources are the reserves plus additional oil and gas that cannot be produced due to techno-economic factors. In the different stages of a field exploration and developments there are different reserves estimate methods that are generally used at the respective stages. One of the methods which is generally used from when the field is discovered up to when it is abandoned is the Oil and Gas-Len- Place method at surface conditions. As usually only some of the oil and gas-in?place can be recovered, therefore the total oil and gas-in-place must be multiplied by a certain recovery factor which depends on the individual field. Moreover, when oil and gas are brought to the surface it shrinks and expands respectively. Therefore if the surface volume of the in-place oil and gas were to be calculated, the Formation Volume Factor which accounts for the shrinkage and expansion factors, should be vided and multiplied respectively for the oil and gas. We will write a custom essay sample on Estimating Oil and Gas Volumes Using Structure Contour Maps specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Estimating Oil and Gas Volumes Using Structure Contour Maps specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Estimating Oil and Gas Volumes Using Structure Contour Maps specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At 1280 ms is the lowest tested oil. IP category is where there is 90% confidence. For UP Oil Reserve so-pay, the Iso- pay value within the entire gas cap is mm and falls to zero at 1300 ms which is at ten 011-water contact penning on ten structural Tall. A a ten UP 011 Reserve has an so-pay value of mm in the entire gas cap area and reduces to zero at 1380 ms which is at the last closed contour depending also on the structural fall. The UP and UP categories have 50% and 10% confidence associated with them respectively. After the so-pay contours are constructed, the area between two respective ISO-pay contours is estimated by means of drawing the contours on a tracing paper and by inspecting the area by means of an underlying graph paper in units of centimeter square (CM). Once the area between the two ISO-pay contours has been estimated ND converted into kilometer-square (km) according to the given scale, the rock volume is estimated by multiplying the area converted to meter-square (mm) by the average thickness in meters (m) between the two so-Pay contour values. The above is done for all the IP Gas Reserve so-pay and the 1 P, UP and UP Oil Reserve so-pays. An example of the above is as follows. The diagram above shows the 1 P so-pay contour map of the Gas Cap. Figure 1: IP gas so-pay contour map As explained before the so-pay value ranges from zero to fifteen which depends on the structural gain which was from (1220 to 1205 ms). The three areas are divided into Area A, B and C respectively. Therefore in order to find the rock volume between the 15 and 10 so-pay values (Area B), the area between them is first calculated.

Middle Ages Weddings and Hygiene

Middle Ages Weddings and Hygiene A popular email hoax has spread all sorts of misinformation about the Middle Ages and The Bad Old Days. Here we address medieval weddings and bride hygiene. From the Hoax Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May and still smelled pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the body odor. Hence the custom today of carrying a bouquet when getting married. The Facts In the agricultural communities of medieval England, the most popular months for weddings were January, November, and October,1 when the harvest was past and the time for planting had not yet arrived. Late autumn and winter were also when animals were usually slaughtered for food, so freshly butchered beef, pork, mutton, and similar meats would be available for the wedding feast, which often coincided with annual festivals. Summer weddings, which might also coincide with annual festivals, enjoyed some popularity, as well. June was indeed a good time to take advantage of good weather and the arrival of new crops for a wedding festival, as well as fresh flowers for the ceremony and celebrations. The use of flowers in wedding ceremonies goes back to ancient times.2 Depending on the culture, flowers have numerous symbolic meanings, some of the most significant being loyalty, purity, and love. In the late fifteenth century, roses were popular in medieval Europe for their connection to romantic love and were used in many ceremonies, including weddings. As for yearly baths, the idea that medieval people rarely bathed is a ​persistent but false one. Most people washed on a regular basis. Going without washing was considered a penance even in the early Middle Ages. Soap, possibly invented by the Gauls sometime before Christ, was in widespread use throughout Europe by the end of the ninth century and made its first appearance in cake form in the twelfth century. Public bathhouses were not uncommon, although their ostensible purpose was often secondary to their clandestine use by prostitutes.3 In short, there were numerous opportunities for medieval people to cleanse their bodies. Thus, the prospect of going a full month without washing, and then appearing at her wedding with a bouquet of flowers to hide her stench, is not something a medieval bride was likely to consider any more than a modern bride would. Notes Hanawalt, Barbara, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 176.garland  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica [Accessed April 9, 2002; verified June 26, 2015.]Rossiaud, Jacques, and Cochrane, Lydia G. (translator), Medieval Prostitution (Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1988), p. 6.

Genration Y Casestudy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genration Y Casestudy - Essay Example This case focuses on a small team including Sarah Bennet and Josh Lewis who made significant efforts of becoming successful in the Rising Entertainment industry. It reveals conflicting issues and impatient among generation Y in the work place. In the contemporary business society, many bosses who are classified under gen X may sometimes feel like babysitters, but they need to spend much of their time with young workers, gen Y in order to help them become productive leaders of tomorrow (Tamar 2009, p.47). Therefore, this essay provides responses to the case study of gen Y in the workforce and addresses significant findings; thus putting them into conclusions into practice into my own organizational behavior. From the case study of gen Y in the work place, I can conclude that it is essential for one to strive hard in order to become successful of leader of tomorrow. This is through understanding what takes one a successful HR manager. For instance, Josh and Sarah worked hard in order to make the Rising Entertainment Company successful, but they both needed effective training on what makes successful HR manager; thus improving business performance. Therefore, as a young worker helping my father in his small Appliance repair business at the moment, I consider myself as gen Y especially Josh. Therefore, I should make significant efforts of inventing innovative ideals and understand that it requires time to make significant changes in the company. Moreover, the unrealistic expectations and clashes with my father, whom I consider as gen X, results because of misunderstandings. It is significant to listen and take heed of the ideas from gen X because this is what can make me a  successful business entrepreneur in the future. For instance, Josh does not listen to his leaders, and this is similar to my case because I always feel that my father think that I do not know what I’ am doing since I’ am young. However, the conflicts are inevitably manageable in case gen X